我的 求土木工程論文相關(guān)的翻譯 180 英文原版,出處,作者。5000字以上。英文原版需要期刊號(hào)。需要中英文對(duì)應(yīng)!中英文均需要5000字以上! 英文原版,出處,作者。5000字以上。英文原版需要期刊號(hào)。需要中英文對(duì)應(yīng)! 中英文均需要5000字以

急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 展開  我來答 2

我把我寫的那篇給你吧 反正我也交了C) Civil Engineering Research Institute of Gansu, opportunities and threat analysis 1. The opportunity to analyze the external environment since 1992, China's construction market has expande

我的 求土木工程專業(yè)論文,英語的(有翻譯的更好) 要求字?jǐn)?shù)4000——5000具體描寫的是一項(xiàng)某某工程的更好, 要求字?jǐn)?shù)4000——5000具體描寫的是一項(xiàng)某某工程的更好, 展開  我來答 2個(gè)回答 #熱議# 張桂梅幫助的只有女生嗎?mypa

airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程，它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對(duì)象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程設(shè)施，也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進(jìn)行的勘測，設(shè)計(jì)施工，保養(yǎng)，維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程隨著人類社

要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須是英文,然后帶有中文翻譯4.論文中要出現(xiàn)摘要和參考文獻(xiàn)郵箱是1178171161@qq 如果查收符合以上要求,立即采納,不勝感激 要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須

我急需一篇關(guān)于土木工程的中英文翻譯論文 5000字 畢業(yè)用的

對(duì)科學(xué)方法的物理和數(shù)學(xué)問題適用于土木工程最早的例子之一是阿基米德在公元前3世紀(jì)，包括阿基米德的原則，鞏固我們的浮力的認(rèn)識(shí)，如阿基米德螺旋切實(shí)可行的解決辦法的工作。婆羅門，印度數(shù)學(xué)家，用在公元7世紀(jì)算法的基礎(chǔ)上，印度教

土木工程英語是：civil engineering。土木工程造句：1.The Channel Tunnel project is the biggest civil engineering project in Europe.英吉利海峽隧道是歐洲最大的土木工程。2.He carved out a name for himself in the

Civil Engineering gives us Quality of Life !翻譯：土木工程是軍事工程學(xué)演變而來的工程專業(yè)的一個(gè)最古老分支。許多我們生活中被認(rèn)為是理所當(dāng)然的重要事物都是土木工程的產(chǎn)物。為我們?nèi)粘Ｉ罟?yīng)電力的水壩和發(fā)電站，它們的

civil engineering Profession of designing and executing structural works that serve the general public, including bridges, canals, dams, harbors, lighthouses, roads, tunnels, and environmental works (e.g., water-

對(duì)土木工程的認(rèn)識(shí) 摘要： 隨著社會(huì)的日益發(fā)展，城市建設(shè)的發(fā)展，高層建筑的大量出現(xiàn)在人 們的視線。土木工程作為我們學(xué)習(xí)的一門專業(yè)課程，每年都有成千上萬的大學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)，在學(xué)術(shù)界已成為一門炙手可熱的課程，更作為一個(gè)古老

Civil engineering is that branch ofengineering which aims to provide a comfortable and save living for the people.As is known to us all, It has a long history, but it is also full of vigorous.Civil engin

在地震區(qū)，土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)還應(yīng)考慮抵御地震作用。In the earthquake area,the civil engineering structure should also consider resisting earthquake.此外，爆炸、振動(dòng)等人為作用對(duì)土木工程的影響也不能忽略。In addition,the impac

英語引言土木工程認(rèn)識(shí)

Civil Engineering gives us Quality of Life !翻譯：土木工程是軍事工程學(xué)演變而來的工程專業(yè)的一個(gè)最古老分支。許多我們生活中被認(rèn)為是理所當(dāng)然的重要事物都是土木工程的產(chǎn)物。為我們?nèi)粘Ｉ罟?yīng)電力的水壩和發(fā)電站，它們的

三、英國土木工程專業(yè)院校 帝國理工學(xué)院 帝國理工學(xué)院作為歐洲最負(fù)盛名的工科院校之一，具有世界頂尖的科研水平、師生質(zhì)量和經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力，與麻省理工學(xué)院、加州理工學(xué)院、蘇黎世聯(lián)邦理工學(xué)院并稱世界四大理工學(xué)院。土木工程也是帝國理工

在美國大學(xué)，土木工程專業(yè)的研究方向主要有：結(jié)構(gòu)工程(Structural engineering)，巖土工程(Geotechnical engineering)，交通工程(Transportation engineering)，環(huán)境工程(Environmental engineering)，水利工程(Water engineering)，建設(shè)工程(

二、英國土木工程專業(yè)優(yōu)勢 英國所有教授土木工程學(xué)課的院校，大多數(shù)都經(jīng)過協(xié)調(diào)小組及聯(lián)合評(píng)估小組的核準(zhǔn)。這兩個(gè)組織代表專業(yè)團(tuán)體，負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)注冊工程師、工程師及工程技術(shù)員的學(xué)歷設(shè)定起碼的資格要求，以保證相關(guān)院校的教學(xué)質(zhì)量。同

Transport engineering，側(cè)重于海洋方面的。MSc Civil Engineering只招15-20人，想申請的一定趁早，晚了就沒有位置了。根據(jù)2016年CUG，該大學(xué)土木工程專業(yè)英國排名第20。二、申請條件 MSc Civil Engineering 均分要求： 2

1、土木工程專業(yè)簡介 土木工程（英文：Civil Engineering）是建造各類工程設(shè)施的科學(xué)技術(shù)的統(tǒng)稱。它既指所應(yīng)用的材料、設(shè)備和所進(jìn)行的勘測、設(shè)計(jì)、施工、保養(yǎng)、維修等技術(shù)活動(dòng)，也指工程建設(shè)的對(duì)象。即建造在地上或地下、陸上

土木工程 設(shè)計(jì)和修建各種公用建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)工程設(shè)施的科學(xué)技術(shù)，這些工程包括橋梁、水壩、港口、燈塔、道路、隧道和環(huán)境工程(如供水系統(tǒng))?，F(xiàn)代這個(gè)領(lǐng)域還包括：發(fā)電廠、航空港、化學(xué)處理廠和污水處理設(shè)備等?，F(xiàn)在土木工程涉及的范圍

土木工程專業(yè)介紹(英文版)

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程,它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對(duì)象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程設(shè)施,也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進(jìn)行的勘測,設(shè)計(jì)施工,保養(yǎng),維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程隨著人類社會(huì)的進(jìn)步而發(fā)展,至

Whole range of services to increase market demand, "one-stop" service demand horizon. The previous range of various types of engineering consulting services to include only projects a certain stage, or even just for a

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程，它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對(duì)象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程設(shè)施，也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進(jìn)行的勘測，設(shè)計(jì)施工，保養(yǎng)，維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程隨著人類

computers, gas turbines, helicopters, and toys.In addition to design and development, many engineers work in testing, production, or maintenance. These engineers supervise production in factories, determine the cause

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, da

In addition,the impact of explosion and vibration on civil engineering can not be ignored.

關(guān)于土木工程的英語作文,100字左右即可

Civil engineering is the oldest branch of the profession of engineering after military engineering. Many of the important things in our lives that we take for granted are the product of civil engineering. The construction of the dams and power stations that provide the electricity we use every day requires civil engineers.The water and sewage treatment plants that provide us with safe water supplies require the expertise of civil engineers.The paths and roads we travel are civil engineering projects. In fact most structures, large and small, require the help of a civil engineer whether in the designing, planning or managing of the project. Civil engineers also help to preserve our environment by assisting in the cleaning up of existing pollution and planning ways to reduce future pollution of our air, land and water Civil Engineering gives us Quality of Life ! 翻譯： 土木工程是軍事工程學(xué)演變而來的工程專業(yè)的一個(gè)最古老分支.許多我們生活中被認(rèn)為是理所當(dāng)然的重要事物都是土木工程的產(chǎn)物. 為我們?nèi)粘Ｉ罟?yīng)電力的水壩和發(fā)電站,它們的建設(shè)就需要土木工程師.為我們提供安全用水的生活用水和污水處理廠也需要土木工程師的專業(yè)知識(shí).我們出行交通所必需的道路,正是土木工程的實(shí)例. 事實(shí)上,許多建筑物,不論大小,在工程的設(shè)計(jì)、規(guī)劃和管理階段都需要土木工程師的協(xié)助. 土木工程師也通過清理現(xiàn)存的污染和規(guī)劃一些方法來減少未來空氣、土壤和水中的污染,從而幫助保護(hù)我們的環(huán)境. 土木工程為我們創(chuàng)造高品質(zhì)的人生!
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civil engineering specialty。 短語 1、I studied civil e、ngineering specialty 我學(xué)的是土木工程專業(yè) 2、architectural civil engineering specialty 建筑工程專業(yè) 3、civil engineering specialty group 建筑工程技術(shù)專業(yè)群 例句 1、Study on the teaching reform of management curricula for civil engineering specialty; 要做到這一點(diǎn)，就得做好課程管理，這樣才能保證教學(xué)的質(zhì)量和效能。 2、I like the civil engineering specialty which I study, "superego is my life maxim unceasingly". 我非常喜歡我所學(xué)的土木工程專業(yè)，“不斷超越自我”是我的人生格言。
土木工程[tǔ mù ɡōnɡ chénɡ] civil engineering; earthwork 中中釋義 土木工程 [tǔ mù gōng chéng] [civil engineering] 包括房屋、道路、橋港等工程的合稱 雙語例句 1英吉利海峽隧道是歐洲最大的土木工程。 The Channel Tunnel project is the biggest civil engineering project in Europe. 《柯林斯高階英漢雙解學(xué)習(xí)詞典》 2土木工程課程設(shè)計(jì)與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)模式探索 Study and Practice on Course and Graduation Design Modes For Civil Engineering Specialty dictall 3在土木工程業(yè)方面，他孜孜以求為自己贏得了聲譽(yù)。 He carved out a name for himself in the engineering business.
Civil engineering is that branch ofengineering which aims to provide a comfortable and save living for the people.As is known to us all, It has a long history, but it is also full of vigorous. Civil engineering is theengineering that deals with the design and construction of structures that areintended to be stationary, such as buildings and houses, tunnels, bridges,canals, highways, airports, port facilities, and road beds for railroads. Civilengineering offers a particular challenge because almost every structure orsystem that is designed and built by civil engineers is unique. One structurerarely duplicates another exactly. Even when structures seem to be identical,site requirement or other factors generally result in modification. Largestructures like dams, bridges, or tunnels may differ substantially fromprevious structures.
　　Views on English for Civil Engineering 　　With the development of international engineering projects of civil engineering industry in China in more and more international engineering and technological exchanges and cooperation have become increasingly frequent, the participation in the construction of the engineering and technical personnel of the increasingly high demand. Not only they have fluent English communication ability, but also to have the professional skills of civil engineering. But now many undergraduate civil engineering professional English teaching still exist many problems, culture is not conducive to the relevant personnel, be imperative to English teaching reform of civil engineering specialty. 　　The main problems of civil engineering professional English Teaching 　　One is the English course of civil engineering major ne***cted. Civil engineering professional English course importance is not attached to it mainly displays in two aspects. The importance of school, not fully understanding the course. Ignore the professional English Teaching in many universities in civil engineering, civil engineering professional English in professional training program was scheduled for elective total hours, rarely, assessment methods to examine the basic. Second, students have insufficient understanding of the importance of English course of civil engineering major. Many students think that the future work can almost never use, not knowing it is an important way of learning, thinking contempt, lack of learning motivation. Thirdly, an important reason is the effect of assessment of students do not pay enough attention to the course. Students generally test course not important learning not pay enough attention to. 　　Two is the content of English Teaching of civil engineering specialty choice is not appropriate. At present the teaching contents of many geotechnical engineering college English basic is according to the teaching material arrangement. Most of the content of textbooks mainly summarizes some of civil engineering professional English in terms of English literature, textbook content covers small, not comprehensive, systematic, and sections are not coherent, some emphasis on the application of the knowledge and some emphasis on basic theory. 　　The three is the teaching method and means can not keep pace with the times. At present many colleges teaching of civil engineering professional English is still remained in the traditional teaching mode, the main teacher centered, students rarely participate in. Teaching main mode is: to learn new words, translation of the text. Teaching emphasis on the text word, word, sentence translation exercises, ignored the literature of civil engineering professional English expressions and civil English listening and speaking ability. The teaching process is the "spoon feeding" teaching method, sin*** teacher-student interaction in the cla**oom, teaching boring, the students' interest in learning, learning effect. 　　Four is the students' enthusiasm of learning English in civil engineering is not high. Mainly for the low class attendance, class absquatulate phenomenon, not a positive answer questions.
The urban river embankment discuss the ecological construction Anonymous XXXXXXXX Abstract: the urban river embankment construction as the object, discuss the current social background, analyses and compares the river embankment design of traditional methods and characteristics of ecological methods, and puts forward three modes of ecological design and their advantages and disadvantages, and expounds the present situation of the ecological construction in domestic bank and future prospects. Keywords: the bank; Ecology; Design way; Domestic situation Text: A, background River Banks part is the amphibious interlaced transition belt, has the remarkable edge effect. Here are active substances, nutrient and energy flow, offer a habitat for a variety of creatures. Natural state Banks often species richness, productivity high. The traditional embankment design often sin*** ? 一、背景 河流的堤岸部分是水陸交錯(cuò)的過渡地帶，具有顯著的邊緣效應(yīng)。這里有活躍的物質(zhì)、養(yǎng)分和能量的流動(dòng)，為多種生物提供了棲息地。自然狀態(tài)下的堤岸往往物種豐富、生產(chǎn)力高。 傳統(tǒng)的堤岸設(shè)計(jì)往往會(huì)單純從防洪角度出發(fā)，采用土堤或者土石混合堆砌起來高高的堤岸。它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于高度的可靠性，結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)后加起防護(hù)堤岸抗流水沖刷能力顯著增強(qiáng)。對(duì)于洪水暴發(fā)頻繁、侵蝕嚴(yán)重的區(qū)段，這樣的設(shè)計(jì)無可厚非，而對(duì)于一般河流堤岸的修建，這樣的設(shè)計(jì)則顯得缺乏環(huán)境的美化和綠化，同時(shí)也破壞許多對(duì)生態(tài)起重要作用的自然因素，如破壞植被與河床間的聯(lián)系，造成沖刷侵蝕轉(zhuǎn)移等。 另外，河流作為城市風(fēng)貌不可多得的珍惜資源，也是城市風(fēng)貌的特色要素，它的景觀塑造顯得十分必要。同時(shí)，堤岸景觀建設(shè)必然使濱河地區(qū)土地價(jià)值提升，濱水開發(fā)的高投資回報(bào)的特點(diǎn)更增強(qiáng)了對(duì)城市堤岸景觀建設(shè)的需求。 二、需求——堤岸的生態(tài)化建設(shè) 河流堤岸作為城市中最鄰近河流的區(qū)域，是城市與河流的銜接線，它的景觀規(guī)劃是提高城市生活品質(zhì)的需要，也是豐富城市景觀的需要。 生態(tài)化建設(shè)，它的根本思路是運(yùn)用自然本身抗干擾和自我修復(fù)的能力來處理人與自然的關(guān)系。生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)方法不同于傳統(tǒng)用人工的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式來取代自然的方法，而是用自然的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式來順應(yīng)自然的進(jìn)程。 將河岸與河道在生態(tài)上聯(lián)系起來，也就實(shí)現(xiàn)了物質(zhì)、養(yǎng)分、能量的交流：對(duì)于生物，它提供了合適的棲息地；植物根系可固著土壤，枝葉可截留雨水，過濾地表逕流，抵抗流水沖刷，從而起到保護(hù)堤岸、增加堤岸結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性、凈化水質(zhì)、涵養(yǎng)水源的作用，而且隨著時(shí)間的推移，這些作用被不斷加強(qiáng)。同時(shí)，生態(tài)化建設(shè)以自然的外貌出現(xiàn)，容易與環(huán)境取得協(xié)調(diào)，造價(jià)也較低，不需要長期的維護(hù)管理。 三、河流堤岸生態(tài)化設(shè)計(jì)方式 河流堤岸生態(tài)化設(shè)計(jì)，要遵守生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)的原則，注重地方性、保護(hù)與節(jié)約自然資本、讓自然做功、顯露自然，主要體現(xiàn)在對(duì)地域氣候環(huán)境、河流地質(zhì)地貌、水文變化的適應(yīng)，對(duì)河流生態(tài)環(huán)境的考慮，對(duì)堤岸地形的處理和對(duì)筑堤材料的選擇和構(gòu)造方式方面。 1） 人工類： 傳統(tǒng)方法是采用塊石或混凝土塊磚等堆砌?？稍诖嘶A(chǔ)上加以改進(jìn)以適應(yīng)河流景觀設(shè)計(jì)的需求。 a) 塊石或混凝土塊磚干砌，不用砂漿。這樣在砌塊之間就留有空隙，為后期濱河植物的生長提供了空間。隨著時(shí)間的推移，堤岸會(huì)逐漸呈現(xiàn)出自然的風(fēng)貌。 b) 堤岸采用臺(tái)階式分級(jí)，臺(tái)階面上的空間加以利用，種植植物。 當(dāng)然這兩種改進(jìn)方法對(duì)于河岸處現(xiàn)有植被仍存在一定的不良影響，人工痕跡也過于明顯。 2） 自然類： 充分利用堤岸植被原型，可直接將適用于濱河地帶生長的植被種植于堤岸上，利用植物的根、莖、葉來穩(wěn)固堤岸，防止侵蝕、控制沉積的同時(shí)也為生物提供了棲息地。 3） 人工自然相結(jié)合 綜合了以上兩種方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，具有人工結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性和自然的外貌，見效快、生態(tài)效益好，以下為常見的兩種類型： a) 種植植物的堆石 將由大小不同的石塊組成的堆石置于與水接觸的土壤表面，再把活體切枝插入石堆中使斜坡更加穩(wěn)定。根系可提高強(qiáng)度，植被可遮蓋石塊，使堤岸外貌更加自然。 b) 與植物結(jié)合使用的插孔式混凝土塊 將預(yù)制的混凝土塊以連鎖的形式置于岸底的淺渠中，再將植物切枝或植株扦插于混凝土塊之間和堤岸上部，其上覆土壓實(shí)，再播種草本植物。 堤岸生態(tài)化建設(shè)也存在一定的局限性。如：選用的材料及建造方法不同，堤岸的防護(hù)能力相差很大，需要運(yùn)用多學(xué)科知識(shí)認(rèn)真分析，這就為設(shè)計(jì)人員提出了更大的挑戰(zhàn)；建造初期若受到強(qiáng)烈干擾，則會(huì)影響到以后防護(hù)作用的發(fā)揮等。這也就對(duì)河流堤岸的生態(tài)化設(shè)計(jì)提出了更高的要求。 四、國內(nèi)現(xiàn)狀 1）省會(huì)城市 在我國省會(huì)城市及計(jì)劃單列市中有近80％進(jìn)行了堤岸景觀規(guī)劃。（參考文獻(xiàn)[3]） 城 市 項(xiàng)目名稱 城 市 項(xiàng)目名稱 北 京 長河城市水系統(tǒng)綜合治理 南 寧 堤岸園工程 長 沙 湘江風(fēng)光帶 寧 波 濱江大道沿江景觀工程 成 都 府南河綠化工程 上 海 外灘、陸家嘴濱江大道 福 州 閔江江濱公園 沈 陽 渾河觀光旅游帶 廣 州 珠江二沙段堤岸景觀、芳村長堤建設(shè) 太 原 汾河公園 貴 陽 南明河景觀綠化工程 天 津 海河堤岸改造工程 哈爾濱 松花江南岸沿江風(fēng)景長廊 武 漢 漢口江灘一二期工程 昆 明 盤龍江中段濱水生態(tài)景觀建設(shè) 西 安 灞河大水大綠工程 蘭 州 黃河風(fēng)情線 重 慶 南濱路濱江旅游觀光大道 從規(guī)劃后建成情況看，這些城市河流堤岸景觀項(xiàng)目都得到了當(dāng)?shù)卣c市民的肯定。在這些項(xiàng)目中，堤岸既可成為當(dāng)?shù)刈罹呶Φ某鞘泄珗@，如太原的汾河公園和福州的江濱公園；堤岸也可成為市民日常休閑活動(dòng)的熱點(diǎn)地段，如南寧的堤路園和武漢的漢口江灘工程；堤岸還可成為城市最具特色的地段，如重慶的南濱路濱江旅游觀光大道；堤岸更可成為城市旅游的熱點(diǎn)，如上海的外灘和陸家嘴濱江大道?？傊?，經(jīng)過景觀規(guī)劃的堤岸已成為當(dāng)?shù)刈罹咛厣牡貐^(qū)。 從建設(shè)效果看，相對(duì)堤岸的原來面貌而言，統(tǒng)計(jì)資料中的這些景觀工程都是較成功的，都成為當(dāng)?shù)爻鞘嘘P(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)，成為當(dāng)?shù)卣恼児こ蹋蔀楫?dāng)?shù)氐拿裥墓こ?。城市河流堤岸通過景觀規(guī)劃，有效地改善了濱河地段的環(huán)境，并帶動(dòng)濱河地段的開發(fā)。但必須清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到，這些城市堤岸景觀項(xiàng)目規(guī)劃并非盡善盡美，也存在這樣或那樣的問題，仍有待完善。 2）中小城市 城市經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力的強(qiáng)大決定了其城市建設(shè)水平的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和高水平。 中小城市河流堤岸景觀與統(tǒng)計(jì)資料中的城市存在較大的差距，存在更多的問題。特別是由于資金問題，堤岸景觀是，純?nèi)斯?，狀態(tài)的鋼筋混凝土防洪堤，或保持自然防洪狀態(tài)的土石堤，沒有經(jīng)過景觀規(guī)劃，易造成城市資源的極大浪費(fèi)。 五、前景 目前，河流景觀建設(shè)，特別是城市河流景觀建設(shè)，在中國正方興未艾；在發(fā)達(dá)國家中也是一個(gè)久盛不衰的話題。 回顧發(fā)達(dá)國家河流景觀建設(shè)的歷史，自20世紀(jì)70年代以來，隨著人們環(huán)境意識(shí)的普遍增強(qiáng)，重視河流景觀的生態(tài)功能已成為一個(gè)時(shí)代的呼喚，河流景觀建設(shè)的生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)方法也已得到了空前的重視和發(fā)展。他山之石可以攻玉，借鑒發(fā)達(dá)國家已經(jīng)形成的成熟的理念和做法，可以使我們少走彎路，搭上隆隆前進(jìn)的生態(tài)建設(shè)之車。
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings. Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it was defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering, surveying, and construction engineering. Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to federal levels, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies. History of civil engineering Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles, and its history is intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Because civil engineering is a wide ranging profession, including several separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, geology, soils, hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields. Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC, including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes' screw. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations. 土木工程是一門學(xué)科，專業(yè)工程的設(shè)計(jì)，施工和維護(hù)自然的物理和環(huán)境建設(shè)，包括橋梁，道路，河渠，堤壩和建筑物的工程協(xié)議。土木工程是最古老的軍事工程后，工程學(xué)科，它被定義為區(qū)分軍事工程非軍事工程。這是傳統(tǒng)分解成若干子學(xué)科包括環(huán)境工程，巖土工程，結(jié)構(gòu)工程，交通工程，市政工程或城市，水資源工程，材料工程，海岸工程，測量，施工工程。土木工程需要在所有層次上進(jìn)行：在從市政公用部門通過聯(lián)邦的水平，并在私營部門，個(gè)別業(yè)主通過向國際公司 土木工程的歷史 土木工程是物理和科學(xué)原理的應(yīng)用，它的歷史是錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的聯(lián)系在物理學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)的了解整個(gè)歷史的進(jìn)步。由于土木工程是一個(gè)廣泛的行業(yè)，包括一些獨(dú)立的專門的子學(xué)科，它的歷史是聯(lián)系在一起的結(jié)構(gòu)，材料科學(xué)，地理，地質(zhì)，土壤，水文，環(huán)境，機(jī)械和其他領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)。 在整個(gè)歷史上最古老的和中世紀(jì)的建筑設(shè)計(jì)和施工進(jìn)行了如石匠和木匠手藝，上升到建筑師的角色。知識(shí)是保留在很少的行會(huì)和進(jìn)步所取代。構(gòu)筑物，道路和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施存在的重復(fù)，并在規(guī)模上升的增量。 對(duì)科學(xué)方法的物理和數(shù)學(xué)問題適用于土木工程最早的例子之一是阿基米德在公元前3世紀(jì)，包括阿基米德的原則，鞏固我們的浮力的認(rèn)識(shí)，如阿基米德螺旋切實(shí)可行的解決辦法的工作。婆羅門，印度數(shù)學(xué)家，用在公元7世紀(jì)算法的基礎(chǔ)上，印度教，阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，挖掘（卷）計(jì)算。